1. Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, Roland PS, Simon GR, Kumar KA, Huang WW, Haskell HW, Robertson PJ. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Feb;150(1 Suppl):S1-S24. doi: 10.1177/0194599813517083. Erratum in: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Mar;150(3):504. Erratum in: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Mar;150(3):504. PMID: 24491310.

2. Lucente FE, Lawson W, Novick NL. External Ear. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1995.

3. Lieberthal AS, Ganiats TG, Cox EO, et al. Clinical practice guideline: American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media: diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1451-1465.

4. Timon CI, O’Dwyer T. Diagnosis, complications, and treatment of malignant otitis externa. Ir Med J. 1989;82(1):30-31.

5. Prasad KC, Prasad SC, Mouli N, Agarwal S. Osteomyelitis in the head and neck. Acta Otolaryngol. 2007;127(2):194-205.

6. Phillips P, Bryce G, Shepherd J, Mintz D. Invasive external otitis caused by Aspergillus. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(2):277-281.

7. Hern JD, Almeyda J, Thomas DM, Main J, Patel KS. Malignant otitis externa in HIV and AIDS. J Laryngol Otol. 1996;110(8):770-775.

8. Wolff LJ. Necrotizing otitis externa during induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatrics. 1989;84(5):882-885.

9. Schechter NL, Berde CM, Yaster M. Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1993.

10. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. Pain: Current Understanding of Assessment, Management and Treatments. National Pharmaceutical Council & JCAHO. 2001. http://www.JCAHO.org. Accessed August 22, 2005.

11. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):793-797.

12. Bieri D, Reeve RA, Champion GD, Addicoat L, Ziegler JB. The Faces Pain Scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties. Pain. 1990;41(2):139-150.

13. Beyer JE, Knott CB. Construct validity estimation for the African-American and Hispanic versions of the Oucher Scale. J Pediatr Nurs. 1998;13(1):20-31.

14. Powell CV, Kelly AM, Williams A. Determining the minimum clinically significant difference in visual analog pain score for children. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37(1):28-31.

15. Loesser JD. Bonica’s Management of Pain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.

16. Valencia CG, Valencia PG. Potassium diclofenac vs. placebo in acute otitis externa: a double-blind, comparative study [in Spanish]. Invest Med Int. 1987;14:56-60.

17. Zeltzer LK, Altman A, Cohen D, LeBaron S, Munuksela EL, Schechter NL. American Academy of Pediatrics Report of the Subcommittee on the Management of Pain Associated with Procedures in Children with Cancer. Pediatrics. 1990;86(5, pt 2):826-831.

18. Premachandra DJ. Use of EMLA cream as an analgesic in the management of painful otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol. 1990;104(11):887-888.

19. MedlinePlus. Antipyrine-benzocaine otic. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607073.html. Accessed November 19, 2013.

20. Cannon SJ, Grunwaldt E. Treatment of otitis externa with a tropical steroid-antibiotic combination. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967;46(10):1296-1302.

21. Cannon S. External otitis: controlled therapeutic trial. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1970;49(4):186-189.

22. Freedman R. Versus placebo in treatment of acute otitis externa. Ear Nose Throat J. 1978;57(5):198-204.

23. Yelland MJ. The efficacy of oral cotrimoxazole in the treatment of otitis externa in general practice. Med J Aust. 1993;158(10):697-699.

24. Pottumarthy S, Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Stilwell MG, Jones RN. Susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in North America (2002-2003): contemporary in vitro activities of amoxicillin/clavulanate and 15 other antimicrobial agents. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;25(4):282-289.

25. Kime CE, Ordonez GE, Updegraff WR, Glassman JM, Soyka JP. Effective treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa: II. A controlled comparison of hydrocortisone-acetic acid, nonaqueous and hydrocortisone-neomycin-colistin otic solutions. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1978;23(suppl 5):ss3-ss14.

26. Rosenfeld RM, Singer M, Wasserman JM, Stinnett SS. Systematic review of topical antimicrobial therapy for acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(4 suppl):S24-48.

27. Kaushik V, Malik T, Saeed SR. Interventions for acute otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(1):CD004740.

28. Mösges R, Nematian-Samani M, Hellmich M, Shah-Hosseini K. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of quinolone containing otics in comparison to antibiotic-steroid combination drugs in the local treatment of otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(10):2053-2060.

29. England RJ, Homer JJ, Jasser P, Wilde AD. Accuracy of patient self-medication with topical eardrops. J Laryngol Otol. 2000;114(1):24-25.

30. Agius AM, Reid AP, Hamilton C. Patient compliance with short-term topical aural antibiotic therapy. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1994;19(2):138-141.

31. Russell PT, Church CA, Jinn TH, Kim DJ, John EO, Jung TT. Effects of common topical otic preparations on the morphology of isolated cochlear outer hair cells. Acta Otolaryngol. 2001;121(2):135-139.

32. Jinn TH, Kim PD, Russell PT, Church CA, John EO, Jung TT. Determination of ototoxicity of common otic drops using isolated cochlear outer hair cells. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(12):2105-2108.

33. Roland PS, Rybak L, Hannley M, et al. Animal ototoxicity of topical antibiotics and the relevance to clinical treatment of human subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(3 suppl):S57-S78.

34. Roland PS, Stewart MG, Hannley M, et al. Consensus panel on role of potentially ototoxic antibiotics for topical middle ear use: introduction, methodology, and recommendations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(3 suppl):S51-S56.

35. Committee on Safety of Medicines and the Medicines Control Agency. Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance. Vol 23, December 1997:14.

36. van Balen FA, Smit WM, Zuithoff NP, Verheij TJ. Clinical efficacy of three common treatments in acute otitis externa in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;327(7425):1201-1205.

37. Emgard P, Hellstrom S. A group III steroid solution without antibiotic components: an effective cure for external otitis. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119(5):342-347.

38. Torum B, Block SL, Avila H, et al. Efficacy of ofloxacin otic solution once daily for 7 days in the treatment of otitis externa: a multicenter, open-label, phase III trial. Clin Ther. 2004;26(7):1046-1054.