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Tonsillectomy in Children

"last update: 28 April 2024"  

- References

1. Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL, Rosenfeld RM, Coles S, Finestone SA, Friedman NR, Giordano T, Hildrew DM, Kim TW, Lloyd RM, Parikh SR, Shulman ST, Walner DL, Walsh SA, Nnacheta LC. Clinical Practice Guideline: Tonsillectomy in Children (Update)-Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Feb;160(2):187-205. doi: 10.1177/0194599818807917. PMID: 30921525.

2. Windfuhr JP, Toepfner N, Steffen G, Waldfahrer F, Berner R. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillitis I. Diagnostics and nonsurgical management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Apr;273(4):973-87. doi: 10.1007/s00405-015-3872-6. Epub 2016 Jan 11. PMID: 26755048; PMCID: PMC7087627.

3. Barrette LX, Harris J, De Ravin E, Balar E, Moreira AG, Rajasekaran K. Clinical practice guidelines for pain management after tonsillectomy: Systematic quality appraisal using the AGREE II instrument. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2022 May;156:111091. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111091. Epub 2022 Feb 24. PMID: 35240561.

4. Chaidas K, Winterborn C. Oxford guidelines for adult day-case tonsillectomy. J Perioper Pract. 2023 Jan-Feb;33(1-2):9-14. doi: 10.1177/17504589211031067. Epub 2021 Aug 16. PMID: 34396825.

5. Morad A, Sathe NA, Francis D, et al. Tonsillectomy versus watchful waiting for recurrent throat infection: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20163490.

6. Burton MJ, Galsziou PP, Chong LY, Venekamp RP. Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(11):CD001802.

7. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, et al. History of recurrent sore throat as an indication for tonsillectomy: predictive limitations of histories that are undocumented. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:409-413.

8. van Staaij BK, van den Akker EH, Rovers MM, et al. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in children with mild symptoms of throat infections or adenotonsillar hypertrophy: open, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;329:651.

9. Burton MJ, Glasziou PP. Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1): CD001802.

10. Feder HM, Salazar JC. A clinical review of 105 patients with PFAPA (a periodic fever syndrome). Acta Paediatr. 2010;99: 178-184.

11. Renko M, Salo E, Putto-Laurila A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of tonsillectomy in periodic fever, apthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome. J Pediatr. 2007;151:289-292.

12.  Garavello W, Romagnoli M, Gaini RM. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in PFAPA syndrome: a randomized study. J Pediatr. 2009;155:250-253.

13. Burton MJ, Pollard AJ, Ramsden JD, Chong LY, Venekamp RP. Tonsillectomy for periodic fever, apthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis syndrome (PFAPA). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD008669.

14.  Johnson RF, Stewart MG. The contemporary approach to diagnosis and management of peritonsillar abscess. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;13:157-160.

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16. Schraff S, McGinn JD, Derkay CS. Peritonsillar abscess in children: a 10-year review of diagnosis and management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001;57:213-218. Heubi C, Shott SR. PANDAS: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections an uncommon, but important indication for tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67:837-840.

17. Boiko NV, Kim AS, Stagnieva IV, Lodochkina OE, Filonenko NA. Znachenie pokazateleĭ antistreptolizina O pri opredelenii pokazaniĭ k tonzilléktomii u deteĭ [The significance of antistreptolysin O characteristics for the determination of indications for tonsillectomy in the children]. Vestn Otorinolaringol. 2018;83(4):73-77. Russian. doi: 10.17116/otorino201883473. PMID: 30113584.

18. Arens R, McDonough JM, Corbin AM, et al. Upper airway size analysis by magnetic resonance imaging of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:65-70.

19. Arens R, McDonough JM, Costarino AT, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airway structure of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:698-703.

20. Hultcrantz E, Svanholm H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J. Sleep apnea in children without hypertrophy of the tonsils. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1988;27:350-352.

21. Avior G, Fishman G, Leor A, et al. The effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on inattention and impulsivity as measured by the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:367-371.

22. Statham MM, Elluru RG, Buncher R, Kalra M. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in young children: prevalence of pulmonary complications. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:476-480.

23. Weatherly RA, Ruzicka DL, Marriott DJ, Chervin RD. Polysomnography in children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:727-731.

24.  Carroll JL, McColley SA, Marcus CL, et al. Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Chest. 1995;108:610-618.

25. Baijal RG, Bidani SA, Minard CG, Watcha MF. Perioperative respiratory complications following awake and deep extubation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015;25:392-399.

26. Beebe DW. Neurobehavioral morbidity associated with disordered breathing during sleep in children: a comprehensive review. Sleep. 2006;29:1115-1134.

27.  Schwartz J. Societal benefits of reducing lead exposure. Environ Res. 1994;66:105-124. Chervin RD, Ellenberg SS, Hou X, et al. Prognosis for spontaneous resolution of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Chest. 2015;148:1204-1213.

28. Garetz SL, Mitchell RB, Parker PD, et al. Quality of life and obstructive sleep apnea symptoms after pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e477-e486.

29.  Katz ES, Moore RH, Rosen CL, et al. Growth after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2014;134:282-289.

30. Bhattacharjee R, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Spruyt K, et al. Adenotonsillectomy outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a multicenter retrospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:676-683.

31. Lauder G, Emmott A. Confronting the challenges of effective pain management in children following tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78:1813-1827.

32. Tan GX, Tunkel DE. Control of pain after tonsillectomy in children: a review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;143:937-942.

33.  Rosales A, Fortier MA, Campos, Kain ZN. Postoperative pain management in Latino families: parent beliefs about analgesics predict analgesic doses provided to children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26:307-314.

34. Rony RY, Fortier MA, Chorney JM, et al. Parental postoperative pain management: attitudes, assessment, and management. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e1372-e1378.

35. Dhiwakar M, Clement WA, Supriya M, McKerrow W. Antibiotics to reduce post-tonsillectomy morbidity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD005607.

36. Al-Layla A, Mahafza TM. Antibiotics do not reduce posttonsillectomy morbidity in children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270:367-370.

37.  Edmund A, Milder EA, Rizzi MD, et al. Impact of a new practice guideline on antibiotic use with pediatric tonsillectomy. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;141:410-416.

38. Steward DL, Grisel J, Meinzen-Derr J. Steroids for improving recovery following tonsillectomy in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD003997.

39.  Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ, Lorenzetti BB, et al. Role of lipocortin-1 in the anti-hyperalgesic actions of dexamethasone. Br J Pharmacol. 1997;121:883-888.

40.  Thongyam A, Marcus CL, Lockman JL, et al. Predictors of perioperative complications in higher risk children after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea: a prospective study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;151:1046-1054.

41. Amoils M. Postoperative complications in pediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in ambulatory vs inpatient setting. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142:344-350.

42.  Keamy DG, Chhabra KR, Hartnick CJ, et al. Predictors of complications following adenotonsillectomy in children with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79:1838-1841.

43. Moss JR, Watcha MF, Bendel LP, McCarthy DL, Witham SL, Glover CD. A multicenter, randomized double-blind placebo controlled, single dose trial of the safety and efficacy of intravenous ibuprofen for treatment of pain in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Paediatr Anesth. 2014;24: 483-489.

44. Riggin L, Ramakrishna J, Sommer DD, Koren G. A 2013 updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 randomized controlled trials; no apparent effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the risk of bleeding after tonsillectomy. Clin Otolaryngol. 2013;38:115-129.

45. Royal College of Surgeons of England. National prospective tonsillectomy audit: final report of an audit carried out in England and Northern Ireland between July 2003 and September 2004. https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/ college-publications/docs/tonsillectomy-audit/. Published May 2005. Accessed August 27, 2017.

46. McClelland L, Jones NS. Tonsillectomy: haemorrhaging ideas. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119:753-758