Disinfection processes target several sites and cause structural and functional damage to various macromolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) of microorganisms.

➡️Biocide Mechanisms of Action

There are four mechanisms of action for this process.

▪️ Oxidizing mode of action. (ORP)

-Biocides with an oxidizing mode of action remove electrons (oxidation) from a substance -in this case - nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of microorganisms.

Altered structures result in disruption of cell membranes and cell function.

-  Oxidizing biocides are widely used and include halogen-based products (e.g., chlorine, iodine) and peroxygen products (hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid)

➡️Cross-linking or coagulating mode of action:

- Some biocides primarily act by cross-linking or coagulating the amino acids of proteins, (and sometimes nucleic acids bases) to disrupt the structure and function of many microorganisms.

- Disinfectants in this category are aldehydes; alkylating agents, such as ethylene oxide; phenols, and alcohols.

➡️Other structure-disrupting agents:

Several biocides primarily damage lipid membranes. They may directly disrupt membrane proteins or cause increased permeability. The result is leakage of cytoplasm components and cell lysis. Biocides in this category include surfactants (including QACs), biguanides, and organic acids.

• Transfer of energy:

A final mechanism of biocidal action involves the sudden transfer of energy that results in disruption of structure and function. These processes rapidly denature nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. They include the application of heat and radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light).