2. Cima RF, Mazurek B, Haider H, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Noreña, AJ, and Hoare DJ. (2019): A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment. HNO, 67, 10-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-019-0633-7.
3. Graham DI, MB Harrison, Brouwers M. Evaluating and adapting practice guidelines for local use: a conceptual framework. Practice guidelines evaluation and adaptation cycle. In: Pickering S, Thompson J, editors. Clinical governance in practice. London: Harcourt, 2003:213–29.
4. http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org.
5. WHO handbook for guideline development – 2nd ed. Chapter 10, page 129
6. Møller AR, Langguth B, DeRidder D, Kleinjung T, [eds.]. Textbook of tinnitus. First edition, Springer Verlag, New York, 2011.
7. Hofmann E, Behr R, Neumann-Haefelin T, Schwager K. Pulsatile tinnitus: imaging and differential diagnosis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(26):451.
8. Pegge SA, Steens SC, Kunst HP, Meijer FJ. Pulsatile tinnitus: differential diagnosis and radiological work-up. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(1):5.
9. Sismanis A. Pulsatile Tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2003;36(2):389–402.
10. Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB. Development of the tinnitus handicap inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 1996;122 (2):143–148.
11. Hallam RS. Manual of the tinnitus questionnaire (TQ). Psychological Corporation, London. 1996.
12. Wilson PH, Henry J, Bowen M, Haralambous G. Tinnitus reaction questionnaire: psychometric properties of a measure of distress associated with tinnitus. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1991;34(1):197–201.
13. Meikle MB, Griest SE, Stewart BJ, Press LS. Measuring the negative impact of tinnitus: a brief severity index. In: Abstr Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 1995;167.
14. Kuk FK, Tyler RS, Russell D, Jordan H. The psychometric properties of a tinnitus handicap questionnaire. Ear Hear. 1990;11(6):434–445.
15. Coles RRA, Lutman ME, Axelsson A, Hazell JWP. Tinnitus severity gradings: cross sectional studies. Fourth International Tinnitus Seminar, Bourdeaux. 1991;27–30:453–455.
16. Meikle MB, Henry JA, Griest SE, Stewart BJ, Abrams HB, McArdle R, Folmer RL et al. The tinnitus functional index: development of a new clinical measure for chronic, intrusive tinnitus. Ear Hear. 2012;33(2):153–176.
17. Zigmond AS and Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361–370.
18. Dabbous A, El-Refaie HA, Farid AS and Ghannoum MT. (2005): Directive Counseling in Tinnitus Retraining Therapy, Med J. Cairo Univ., Vol. 72, No. 4. (Suppl. II) December: 127-132.
19. Mahrous M, Kamal N, Tawfik S, Nassar AA. (2011): Study of gabapentin and clonazepam therapy in management of tinnitus patients. (Unpublished MD. Thesis, Ain-Shams University, Egypt.
20. Mohamed NS, Ismail NM, Abou-Elhassan HA. (2021): Validation of Arabic Version of Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire in Egyptian population. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) TJPR_2021_2651, 2021.
21. Shabana MI, Dabbous AO, Abdelmajeed MA, and Abdelkarim AMM. “Counselling and amplification with and without fractal music (Zen tones) for management of patients suffering from hearing loss and tinnitus”, Hearing, Balance and Communication, vol. 16, issue 1, pp. 41-55, 2018.
22. Terkawi AS, Tsang S, AlKahtani GJ, Al-Mousa SH, Al Musaed S, AlZoraigi US, Alasfar EM, Doais KS, Abdulrahman A, Altirkawi KA. (2017): Development and validation of Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Saudi J Anaesth. May;11(Suppl 1): S11-S18.
23. Tyler R, Ji H, Perreau A, Witt S, Noble W, Coelho C. Development and validation of the tinnitus primary function questionnaire. Am J Audiol. 2014;23(3):260-72.
24. Talaat, HS, Zein El Abedein, A., Ali, R. (2020): Trans-adaptation and Standardization of Arabic Version of Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire, Egyptian Journal of Ear, Nose, Throat and Allied Sciences, 21(2):51-55.
25. Mekki S, Youssef UM, Ghazaly M, Ibraheem O. (2022): The development and validation of a questionnaire for tinnitus reaction in the Arabic language in adults with normal hearing. EJENTAS, Accepted April 2022, Article in press.
26. Mahrous M, Kamal N, Tawfik S, Nassar AA. (2011): Study of gabapentin and clonazepam therapy in management of tinnitus patients. (Unpublished MD. Thesis, Ain-Shams University, Egypt.
27. Mahrous M, Kamal N, Hazzaa N, El-Kholy W. (2004): Evaluation of temporal processing in tinnitus patients with sensorineural hearing loss. (Unpublished MSc. Thesis, Ain-Shams University, Egypt.
28. Hesse G (2016) Evidence and evidence gaps in tinnitus therapy. GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology. Head Neck Surg 15: Doc 04
29. Baldo P, Doree C, Lazzarini R, Molin P, McFerran DJ (2006) Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(4):CD003853
30. Jufas NE, Wood R (2015) The use of benzodiazepines for tinnitus: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol129(S3): S14–S22
31. Ramakers GG, van Zon A, Stegeman I, Grolman W (2015) The effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus in patients with bilateral hearing loss: a systematic review. Laryngoscope 125(11):2584–2592
32. Assouly KKS, van Heteren JAA, Stokroos RJ, Stegeman I, Smit AL. (2020): Cochlear implantation for patients with tinnitus - A systematic review. Prog Brain Res. 2021; 260:27-50. doi: 10.1016/ bs.pbr.2020.06.013. Epub 2020 Oct 14.
33. Del Bo L, Ambrosetti U (2007) Hearing aids for the treatment of tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 166:341–345
34. Ferguson MA, KitterickPT, Chong LY, Edmondson-Jones M, Barker F, Hoare DJ (2017) Hearing aids for mild to moderate hearing loss in adults. Cochrane Database SystRev2017(9):CD12023
35. Henry JA, McMillan G, Dann S, Bennett K, Griest S, Theodoroff S, Saunders G et al (2017) Tinnitus management: randomized controlled trial comparing extended-wear hearing aids, conventional hearing aids, and combination instruments. JAmAcadAudiol28(6):546–561
36. Hoare DJ, Edmondson-Jones M, Sereda M, Akeroyd MA, Hall D (2014) Amplification with hearing aids for patients with tinnitus and co-existing hearing loss. Cochrane Libr2014(1):CD010151
37. Nguyen MF, Bonnefoy M, Adrait A, Gueugnon M, Petitot C, Collet L, Perrot X et al (2017) Efficacy of hearing aids on the cognitive status of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and hearing loss: A multicenter controlled randomized trial. J Alzheimers Dis 58(1):123–137
38. Parazzini M, Del Bo L, Jastreboff M, Tognola G, Ravazzani P (2011) Open ear hearing aids in tinnitus therapy: an efficacy comparison with sound generators. Int J Audiol 50(8):548–553
39. Henry JA, Frederick M, Sell S, Griest S, Abrams H (2015) Validation of a novel combination hearing aid and tinnitus therapy device. Ear Hear 36(1):42–52
40. Benninger D, Pal N, Stephan M, Herrmann F, Maire R (2014) Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized, double-blind, sham controlled study (P2. 283). Baillieres Clin Neurol 82(10Supplement): P2–P283
41. Cavalcanti K, Brasil-Neto JP, Allam N, Boechat- Barros R (2015) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of daily tDCS sessions targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on tinnitus handicap inventory and visual analog scale scores. BrainStimul8(5):978–980
42. Pal N, Maire R, Stephan MA, Herrmann FR, Benninger DH (2015) Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled study. Brain Stimul 8(6):1101–1107
43. Shekhawat GS, Searchfield GD, Stinear CM (2014) Randomized trial of transcranial direct current stimulation and hearing aids for tinnitus management. Neuro rehabil Neural Repair 28(5):410–419
44. Song JJ, Vanneste S, Van deHeyning P, De Ridder D (2012) Transcranial direct current stimulation in tinnitus patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Sci World J2012:427941
45. Vanneste S, Song JJ, De Ridder D (2013) Tinnitus and musical hallucinosis: the same but more. Neuroimage 82:373–383
46. Tyler R, Cacace A, Stocking C, Tarver B, Engineer N, Martin J, Burress C et al (2017) Vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for the treatment of tinnitus: a prospective randomized double blind controlled pilot study in humans. Sci Rep 7(1):11960
47. Galal S, Ismail N, Niel G. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Effect of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Tinnitus Management. Cent Asian J Glob Health. 2020;31;9(1): e356.
48. Yin L, Chen X, Lu X, An Y, Zhang T, Yan J. (2021): An updated meta- analysis: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating tinnitus. J Int Med Res. Mar;49(3):300060521999549.
49. Wegger M, Ovesen T, Larsen DG (2017) Acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation: a systematic review of a novel therapy for Tinnitus. Front Neurol 8:36
50. Hoare DJ, Adjamian P, Sereda M (2016) Electrical stimulation of the ear, head, cranial nerve, or cortex for the treatment of tinnitus: a scoping review. Neural Plast2016:5130503
51. Cima RFF, Maes IH, Joore MA, ScheyenDJ, El Refaie A, Baguley DM, Vlaeyen JW et al (2012) Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet379(9830):1951–1959
52. Cima RFF, Andersson G, Schmidt CJ, Henry JA (2014) Cognitive-behavioral treatments or Tinnitus: a review of the literature. J Am Acad Audiol 25(1):29–61
53. Han M, Yang X, Lv J. Efficacy of tinnitus retraining therapy in the treatment of tinnitus: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(6):103151.
54. Hobson J, Chisholm E, El Refaie A (2012) Sound therapy (masking) in the management of tinnitus in adults. Cochrane Libr 2012(11):CD006371
55. Li SA, Bao L, Chrostowski M (2016) Investigating the effects of a personalized, spectrally altered music-based sound therapy on treating Tinnitus: a blinded, randomized controlled trial. Audiol Neurotol 21(5):296–304
56. Newman CW, Sandridge SA (2012) A comparison of benefit and economic value between two sound therapy tinnitus management options. J Am Acad Audiol 23(2):126–138
57. Noreña AJ (2011) An integrative model of tinnitus based on a central gain controlling neural sensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(5):1089–1109
58. Okamoto H, Stracke H, Stoll W, Pantev C (2010) Listening to tailor-made notched music reduces tinnitus loudness and tinnitus-related auditory cortex activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(3):1207–1210
59. Pantev C, Okamoto H, Teismann H (2012) Tinnitus: the dark side of the auditory cortex plasticity. Ann NYAcadSci1252(1):253–258
60. Stein A, Wunderlich R, Lau P, Engell A, Wollbrink A, Shaykevich A, Pantev C et al (2016) Clinical trial on tonal tinnitus with tailor-made notched music training. BMC Neurol 16(1):38
61. Hilton M, Stuart E (2004) Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(2):CD003852
62. Posadzki P, Watson L, Ernst E (2013) Herb-drug interactions: an overview of systematic reviews. Br J Clin Pharmacol 75(3):603–618
63. von Boetticher A (2011) Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of tinnitus: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 7:441
64. Rejali D, Sivakumar A, Balaji N (2004) Ginkgo biloba does not benefit patients with tinnitus: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29(3):226–231
65. Coelho C, Witt SA, Ji H, Hansen MR, Gantz B, Tyler R (2013) Zinc to treat tinnitus in the elderly: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. Otol Neurotol 34(6):1146–1154
66. Neri G, De Stefano A, Baffa C, Kulamarva G, Di Giovanni P, Petrucci G, Poliandri A, Dispenza F, Citraro L, Croce A. Treatment of central and sensorineural tinnitus with orally administered Melatonin and Sulodexide: personal experience from a randomized controlled study. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2009 Apr;29(2):86-91.
67. Kim JI, Choi JY, Lee DH, Choi TY, Lee MS, Ernst E (2012) Acupuncture for the treatment of tinnitus: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. BMCComplementAlternMed12(1):97
68. Stacey D, Légaré F, Lewis K, Barry MJ, Bennett CL, Eden KB, Trevena L (2017) Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Libr 2017(4):CD001431
69. Fuller TE, Haider HF, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Mazure kB, Noreña A, Brueggemann PG et al (2017) Different teams, same conclusions? A systematic review of existing clinical guidelines for the assessment and treatment of tinnitus in adults. FrontPsychol8:206
70. Hall DA, Haider H, Szczepek AJ, Lau P, Rabau S, Jones-Diette J, Fuller T et al (2016) Systematic review of outcome domains and instruments used in clinical trials of tinnitus treatments in adults. Trials 17(1):270
71. Tunkel DE, Bauer CA, Sun GH, Rosenfeld RM, Chandrasekhar SS, Cunningham ER, Jr, Archer SM, Blakley BW, Carter JM, Granieri EC, Henry JA, Hollingsworth D, Khan FA, Mitchell S, Monfared A, Newman CW, Omole FS, Phillips CD, Robinson SK, Taw MB, Tyler RS, Waguespack R, Whamond EJ. Clinical practice guideline: tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;151(2 Suppl):S1–S40. doi: 10.1177/0194599814545325.
72. Hoare DJ, Byrom P, Stockdale D, Goss J, Fackrell K, Kay T, Wray N, Cullane B, Sereda M. Practice Guidance Tinnitus in adults British Society of Audiology (BSA) 2019 http://www.thebsa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Practice-Guidance_Tinnitus-in-Adults_for-member-consultation_30AUG2019.pdf
73. Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (2015). German S3 Guideline 01A/064: Chronic Tinnitus [AWMF-Register Nr. 01A/064 Klasse: S3 Chronischer Tinnitus]. AWMF online. https://www.awmf.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Leitlinien/01A_D_G_f_Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde__Kopf-_und_Halschirurgie/01A-064e_S3_guideline_tinnitus_english_2015-08.pdf
74. Ogawa K, Sato H, Takahashi M, Wada T, Naito Y, Kawase T, Murakami S, Hara A, Kanzaki S. Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of chronic tinnitus in Japan. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2020 Feb;47(1):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2019.09.007. Epub 2019 Oct 9. PMID: 31606294.
75. Tinnitus: NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline. Publication date: 11 March 2020, https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng155