1- Colostrum Management

• Adequate Intake:
• Ensure that calves receive high-quality colostrum within the first few hours of life.
• Minimum of 10% of body weight in colostrum within the first 12 hours must be received by the calves.
• Colostrum Quality:
• Test colostrum for antibody levels using a colostrometer or refractometer.

2-Hygiene and Sanitation

• Clean and safe Environment:
• Regularly clean and disinfect calf pens, feeding equipment, and water sources.
• Isolation of Sick Calves:
• Separate sick calves in isolated well-equipped pen to prevent the spread of infectious agents to healthy calves.

3-Vaccination

• Vaccinate Pregnant Cows:
• Vaccinating cows against common pathogens (e.g., E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus) boosts the immunity passed through colostrum.
• Calf Vaccination:
• In some cases, vaccinating calves directly can help prevent certain diseases.

4-Proper Feeding Practices

• Consistent Feeding Schedule:
• Feed calves at regular intervals and avoid sudden changes in diet.
• Quality Milk Replacer:
• Use high-quality milk replacers with appropriate nutrient composition.
• Avoid Overfeeding:
• Feed appropriate amounts based on the calf’s age and weight.

5- Stress management

• Minimize Stress:
• Avoid overcrowding, ensure proper ventilation, and provide adequate bedding.
• Manage Environmental Factors:
• Protect calves from extreme weather conditions, especially cold and wet environments.