The Most common Equine Diagnostic Plans
| Site: | EHC | Egyptian Health Council |
| Course: | Equine Medicine Guidelines |
| Book: | The Most common Equine Diagnostic Plans |
| Printed by: | Guest user |
| Date: | Tuesday, 24 December 2024, 12:50 AM |
Description
"last update: 28 Oct. 2024"
Table of contents
- - Committee
- - Scope
- - Introduction
- - A detailed case report should be included with the samples
- - The most common equine diagnostic plans
- 1. Equine Basic Workup
- 2. Equine Pre-purchase Exam Diagnostic Plan
- 3. Equine Liver
- 4. Equine Renal
- 5. Dermatology Diagnostic Plan
- 6. Equine Abortion Fetal Tissue Diagnostic Plan
- 7. Equine Abortion Serology + Selenium
- 8. Equine Chronic Ill Thrift/Weight Loss Plan
- 9. Equine Cryptorchid
- 10. Equine Diarrhea, Adult (Acute) Diagnostic Plan
- 11. Equine Diarrhea, Adult (Chronic) Diagnostic Plan
- 12. Equine Diarrhea/Septicemia Foal Acute Diagnostic Plan
- 13. Equine Fever of Unknown Origin Diagnostic Plan
- 14. Adult equine Fever of Unknown Origin
- 15. Equine Foal Joint Ill Diagnostic Plan
- 16. Equine Myopathy Plan
- 17. Equine Respiratory Adult Diagnostic Plan
- 18. Equine Respiratory, Foal Diagnostic Plan
- 19 .Equine Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Plan
- - References
- Committee
We would like to acknowledge the committee of National Egyptian Guidelines for Veterinary Medical Interventions, Egyptian Health Council for adapting this guideline.
Executive Chief of the Egyptian Health Council: Prof. Dr Mohamed Mustafa Lotief.
Head of the Committee: Prof. Dr Ahmed M Byomi
The Rapporteur of the Committee: Prof. Dr Mohamed Mohamedy Ghanem.
Scientific Group Members: Prof. Dr Nabil Abd Elgaber, Prof. Dr Ashraf Aldesoky Shamaa, Prof. Dr Amany Abbass, Prof. Dr Dalia Mansour, Dr Essam Sobhy, Dr Mohamed Elsharkawi.
Editor: Dr Mohamed Elsharkawi, Prof Mohamed Ghanem.
- Scope
This guideline outlines the most common methods with its precaution appropriate for the diagnoses of the most equine diseases that are most infectious, non-infectious and zoonotic diseases. For this manual to become an effective document, it is important that the proposed strategies are incorporated into routine protocols and staff training.
➡️The Target audienceThe guideline is intended for all veterinarians who are responsible for dealing with equine population as well as whose responsible for veterinary clinics and equine farms owners.
- Introduction
Diagnostic tests are essential tools for confirming the health status of animals and identifying pathogens. They enable the early detection, management and control of animal diseases including zoonosis, it is important to take into account several basic aspects of the sampling for the laboratory analysis in order to avoid mistakes in this stage which could lead to false conclusions drawn from the interpretation of results:
1. Choosing the right material when carrying out the sampling.
2. Two samples collected in clean/sterile conditions depending on the case.
3. The samples taken should be transported to the laboratory in ice box for the detection of the antigen .
4. The serum samples must be collected for the detection of antibodies (serology).
5. it is very important to label the samples correctly.- A detailed case report should be included with the samples
1. Owner's name – farm name
2. Horse ID.
3. Owner complain and clinical signs
4. Gross findings and lesions (including size and anatomic location).
5. previous treatment, including response to treatment (if any) results of relevant diagnostic testing, such as CBC, serum biochemical analysis, cytologic and histologic evaluation, and imaging studies
6. Previous vaccination program.
7. Feeding program.
- The most common equine diagnostic plans
1. Equine Basic Workup
2. Equine Pre-purchase Exam Diagnostic Plan
3. Equine Liver
4. Large Animal Renal
5. Dermatology Diagnostic Plan
6. Equine Abortion Fetal Tissue Diagnostic Plan
7. Equine Abortion Serology + Selenium
8. Equine Chronic Ill Thrift/Weight Loss Plan
9. Equine Cryptorchid
10. Equine Diarrhea, Adult (Acute) Diagnostic Plan
11. Equine Diarrhea, Adult (Chronic) Diagnostic Plan
12. Equine Diarrhea/Septicemia Foal Acute Diagnostic Plan
13. Equine Fever of Unknown Origin Diagnostic Plan
14. Equine Respiratory PCR
15. Equine Foal Joint Ill Diagnostic Plan
16. Equine Myopathy Plan
17. Equine Respiratory, Adult Diagnostic Plan
18. Equine Respiratory, Foal Diagnostic Plan
19. Equine Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Plan
1. Equine Basic Workup
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Fecal Floatation
|
FLOAT |
Fresh feces from animals 3 days or older |
|
Hemogram, Large Animal
|
LA CBC |
(2) air dried blood smears 1ml EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube) |
|
Large Animal Chemistry
|
LA P |
Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube) or Serum (separated) |
|
Serum Amyloid A |
SAA |
1ml serum |
- Ship chilled except for slides which should remain at room
temperature.
2. Equine Pre-purchase Exam Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) SN If stallion, add EVASN
|
EVASN |
- Serum |
|
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Virus c-ELISA
|
EIAEL |
|
|
Fecal Floatation
|
FLOAT |
- Fresh feces in leak-proof container. |
|
Hemogram, Large Animal
|
LA CBC |
- (2) Air dried blood smears. - EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). |
|
Large Animal Chemistry
|
LA P |
- Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube). - Serum (separated). |
|
Equine Drug Screen Level 1 or
Equine Drug Screen Level 2
|
EQDRUG1 EQDRUG2 |
- 8ml Heparinized whole blood (green top tube). - 4ml of heparinized plasma separated and placed in plain red top tube. |
- Ship chilled. Slides should be kept at room temperature.
- If stallion, add Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) SN on serum. If stallion is known EVA positive, may want to consider Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) semen isolation (OIE) on semen.
3. Equine Liver
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
A/G Ratio
|
|
- Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube) - Serum (separated) |
|
Albumin
|
ALB |
|
|
Aspartate Aminotransferase
|
AST |
|
|
Bilirubin (total, direct, indirect)
|
BILIP |
|
|
Creatine kinase
|
CK |
|
|
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase
|
GGT |
|
|
Globulin
|
|
|
|
Glutamate Dehydrogenase, blood
|
GLDH |
|
|
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase, blood
|
SDH |
|
|
Total Protein with Albumin and Globulins
|
|
|
|
Triglycerides
|
TRIG |
- Ship chilled.
Interpretations
Bile acid results in most healthy horses are < 11 umol/L. Patients with values higher than this could have hepatobiliary dysfunction or portosystemic shunting, but results are not specific for the type of underlying disease. In horses, slightly increased concentrations (up to 20 umol/L) can result from decreased feed intake lasting several days or longer. Note that bile acid concentrations cannot be accurately interpreted in a patient that has an increased direct (conjugated) bilirubin, since bile acids do not give any indication of hepatic function or portosystemic shunting in the presence of cholestasis.
4. Equine Renal
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Albumin
|
ALB |
- 1ml Serum (separated). - heparinized plasma.
|
|
Anion Gap |
|
|
|
Calcium |
CA |
|
|
Chloride |
CL |
|
|
Creatinine |
CREAT |
|
|
Phosphate (Phosphorus) |
P |
|
|
Potassium |
K |
|
|
Sodium |
NA |
|
|
Urea Nitrogen |
BUN |
- Ship chilled
5. Dermatology Diagnostic Plan
- Deep lesion
Tests Performed Test Code Samples Needed Aerobic bacterial culture AER -
(2) Fresh
skin biopsies in plain red top tube with 0.5ml sterile saline to keep moist
(not wet). -
+/- Swab from
deep in tissue placed in aerobic transport media (Amies with charcoal). Fungal Culture FUNGCM Fungal KOH Fluorescent Stain FUNGKOH -
Nails, skin
scrapings or 10-12 hairs from border lesion -
Fresh tissue
or bodily fluids (systemic fungi/yeast) -
Prepared
slide Gram Stain GRAM -
(2) Fresh
skin biopsies in plain red top tube with 0.5ml sterile saline to keep moist
(not wet). Histopathology (biopsy) HISTO -
Multiple
formalin fixed skin biopsies.
- Superficial lesion
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Fungal Culture
|
FUNGCM |
- (1) Hair and skin scraping for fungal culture and gram stain sent in a sealable paper envelope. |
|
Gram Stain |
GRAM |
|
|
Fungal KOH Fluorescent Stain
|
FUNGKOH |
- Skin scrapings or 10-12 hairs from border lesion. - Fresh tissue or bodily fluids (systemic fungi/yeast) Prepared slide. |
|
Histopathology (biopsy)
|
HISTO |
- Multiple formalin fixed skin biopsies. |
|
Skin Scraping
|
SSE |
- (1) Skin scraping for ectoparasite identification in an escape proof, nonporous container. |
- Deep lesion samples: Ship chilled and protects fixed tissue from freezing.
- Superficial lesion samples: Ship at room temperature and protect from temperature extremes.
- Protect slides from formalin exposure.
6. Equine Abortion Fetal Tissue Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
(3) Aerobic Bacterial Culture
|
AER |
- Submit 3 fresh tissue samples: placenta, lung, and stomach contents - labelled and individually bagged; for individual aerobic culture |
|
Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) FA
|
EVAFA |
- Fresh tissue: placenta, liver, lung, kidney - labelled and individually bagged |
|
Equine Herpesvirus PCR
|
EHVPNL |
- Fresh tissue: lung (preferred), placenta - use only if lung not available |
|
Histopathology
|
HISTO |
- Formalin-fixed tissue: placenta, liver, lung, brain, adrenal, heart, thymus, small intestine, kidney, and fetal skin |
|
(2) Leptospira PCR
|
LEPTPCR |
- Submit 2 fresh tissue samples: placenta and fetal kidney preferred; stomach contents acceptable |
- Collect fetal heart blood, pleural fluid or abdominal fluid and place in red top tube for possible antibody serology testing.
- Ship chilled and protects fixed tissue from freezing.
- Placenta samples will be cultured as one of the 3 aerobic cultures.
7. Equine Abortion Serology + Selenium
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) SN
|
EVASN |
- 1ml maternal serum (separated)
|
|
EquineHerpesvirus(Rhinopneumonitis) SN |
EHV1SN |
|
|
Equine Herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) SN
|
EHV4SN |
|
|
Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) HAI
|
EIVHAI |
|
|
Leptospira MAT, 5 standard serovars
|
LEPTO |
|
|
Selenium, whole blood
|
SEL |
- Maternal EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube) - Maternal heparin whole blood (lavender top tube) |
- Ship chilled.
- When acute and convalescent samples are/will be collected, for most serology assays they should always be tested in parallel, and paired results interpreted. If acute samples are submitted alone please indicated if all tests should be performed.
8. Equine Chronic Ill Thrift/Weight Loss Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
ACTH Baseline
|
ACTHE |
- 3ml EDTA plasma separated from cells and frozen within 4 hours.
|
|
Insulin Baseline
|
INSE |
|
|
ACTH Post TRH
|
ACTHPOSTTRH1 |
|
|
ACTH Pre TRH
|
ACTHPRETRH |
|
|
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Virus c-ELISA |
EIAEL |
- 1ml serum. |
|
Fecal Floatation |
FLOAT |
- Fresh feces. |
|
Hemogram, Large Animal |
LA CBC |
- (2) unstained, unfixed, air-dried blood smears |
|
Large Animal Chemistry
|
LA P |
- Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube). - Serum (separated). |
|
Peritoneal Fluid Cytology
|
PTFE |
- 1ml peritoneal fluid in EDTA (lavender top tube); red top tube if culture anticipated plus 2-3 unstained smears. |
|
Sand Recovery Analysis |
SAND |
- Feces (8-10 fecal balls). |
|
Selenium, whole blood. |
SEL |
- EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). - Heparin whole blood (green top tube). |
|
Serum Amyloid A |
SAA VET |
- 1ml serum or plasma. |
|
Thyroid , Equine |
THYPALLI |
- 2ml serum or plasma. |
|
Vitamin E in serum |
NDIK |
- 2ml serum. |
|
Lawsonia intracellularis qPCR |
LAWPCR |
- Feces, ileum, or tonsillar tissue. |
- Horses with EPM may present with asymmetrical muscle wasting or weakness – diagnostics to consider include Sarcocystis neurona EPM SAG 2,3,4 ELISA and Neospora hughesi ELISA. Both assays are referred to Equine Diagnostic Solutions.
- Cyathostomiasis (encysted small strongyle larval infection) may cause chronic ill thrift. In these cases the absence of strongyle eggs and larvae on fecal floatation does not rule out a diagnosis of cyathostomiasis.
- Lawsonia intracellularis, the causative agent of Equine Proliferative Enteropathy, effects horses in the weanling to yearling age range, from approximately 2 to 18 months of age. Rarely adult horses may be affected.
9. Equine Cryptorchid
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Estrone Sulfate
|
E1S |
1ml Serum (separated) or plasma
|
|
Testosterone baseline
|
TE |
- Horses
must be at least 3 years of age. If less than 3 years consider HCG or GnRH
Response, Testosterone
10. Equine Diarrhea, Adult (Acute) Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Anaerobic Bacterial Culture
Clostridium perfringens Genotype PCR |
ANAER
CPGPCR |
- Fecal swab in anaerobic transport media shipped at room temperature. - Clostridium perfringens genotyping PCR to further identify which genes for which toxins are present. |
|
Clostridium difficile Toxins (A/B)
|
CLDT |
- Feces refrigerated and less than 24 hours old or frozen. |
|
Coronavirus PCR, Beta
|
BCOR |
- Fresh feces in leak-proof container.
|
|
Fecal Flotation
|
FLOAT |
|
|
Hemogram, Large Animal Examination for blood parasites included
|
LA CBC |
- (2) Air dried blood smears. - EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). |
|
Large Animal Chemistry
|
LA P |
- Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube) . - Serum (separated). |
|
Lawsonia intracellularis PCR
|
LAWPCR |
- Feces (most common in 4-7 M old foals but can occur in 3 M to 13 M old foals). |
|
Potomac Horse Fever PCR
|
EHRR |
- EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube).
|
|
Salmonella culture
|
SALM |
- Fecal swab in Amies transport media - Fresh fecal sample in sterile container (fill to line on container but do not overfill) or in ParaPak ® transport media to assist with Salmonella recovery. |
|
Selenium, whole blood
|
SEL |
- EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). - Heparin whole blood (green top tube). |
- Ship
chilled (keep feces for toxin testing frozen) except for ParaPak®, Port-a-cul™
and slides which should be kept at room temperature.
11. Equine Diarrhea, Adult (Chronic) Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Fecal Flotation
|
FLOAT |
- Fresh feces in leak-proof container. |
|
Hemogram, Large Animal
|
LA CBC |
- (2) air dried blood smears. - EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). |
|
Large Animal Chemistry
|
LA P |
- Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube). - Serum (separated). |
|
Salmonella culture
|
SALM |
- Fecal swab in Amies transport media - Fresh fecal sample in sterile container (fill to line on container but do not overfill) or in ParaPak® transport media to assist with Salmonella recovery. |
|
Sand Recovery Analysis
|
SAND |
- Fresh feces in leak-proof container (8-10 fecal balls) |
|
Selenium, whole blood
|
SEL |
- EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). - Heparin whole blood (green top tube). |
12. Equine Diarrhea/Septicemia Foal Acute Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Anaerobic bacterial culture
Clostridium perfringens Genotype PCR
|
ANAER
CPGPCR |
- Fecal swab in anaerobic transport media shipped at room temperature. - Clostridium perfringens genotyping PCR to further identify which genes for which toxins are present. |
|
(2) Blood Culture, Aerobic
|
BLDAER |
- (2) Inoculated aerobic blood culture bottles.
|
|
(2) Blood Culture, Anaerobic
|
BLDAN |
|
|
Clostridium difficile Toxins (A/B)
|
CLDT |
- Fresh feces refrigerated and less than 24 hours old or frozen. |
|
Coronavirus PCR, Beta
|
BCOR |
- Fresh feces in leak-proof container
|
|
Fecal Flotation
|
FLOAT |
|
|
Hemogram, equine
|
CBC |
- (2) air dried blood smears. - EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). |
|
Immunoglobulin G, Equine - TIA
|
EQUINE IGG |
- Serum (separated). |
|
Equine Chemistry
|
LA P |
- Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube). - Serum (separated). |
|
Rotavirus Antigen Detection Group A
|
RLA |
- Fresh feces in leak-proof container. |
|
Salmonella culture
|
SALM |
- Fecal swab in Amies transport media. - Fresh feces in leak-proof sterile container. - Fresh fecal sample in sterile container (fill to line on container but do not overfill) or in ParaPak® transport media to assist with Salmonella recovery. |
|
Selenium, whole blood
|
SEL |
- EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). - Heparin whole blood (green top tube). |
|
Serum Amyloid A
|
SAA VET |
- Serum (separated). |
- If septicemia suspected, include (2) Blood cultures, aerobic and (2) Blood cultures, anaerobic.
- If fecal float is negative, consider Cryptosporidium ELISA and Giardia ELISA which are performed on fecal samples.
13. Equine Fever of Unknown Origin Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Aerobic Bacterial Culture
|
AER |
- Feces, Pleural fluid, Peritoneal fluid, CSF, Tracheal wash.
|
|
Anaerobic bacterial culture |
ANAER |
|
|
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
|
PCR |
- Included at a reduced price in the Equine Fever of Unknown Origin PCR EHRE . - EDTA whole blood in lavender top tube. |
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology or Peritoneal fluid cytology or Pleural fluid cytology or Tracheal wash cytology
|
CSFE PTFE PLFE TWE |
- Also submit a red-top tube if culture is anticipated. - CSF/Pleural fluid/Peritoneal fluid in EDTA. - Smears (at least 2-3 unstained smears preferred). |
|
Coronavirus PCR, Beta Included at a reduced price in the Equine Fever of Unknown Origin PCR |
BCOR |
- Feces |
|
Salmonella culture
|
SALM |
|
|
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) PCR
|
EEEPCR |
- EDTA whole blood in lavender top tube. - CSF in sterile container. - Urine in sterile container. |
|
(3) Blood Culture, Anaerobic
|
BLDAN |
- Whole blood in blood culture medium. For improved sensitivity, 3 samples 15-20 minutes apart if possible.
|
|
(3) Blood Culture, Aerobic/Fungal |
BLDAER |
|
|
Equine Adenovirus 1 PCR |
EAD1 |
- Nasal swab or deep pharyngeal swab or trans-tracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage or lung tissue.
|
|
Equine Adenovirus 2 PCR |
EAD2 |
|
|
Equine Arteritis Virus PCR |
EAR |
|
|
Equine Rhinitis Virus A PCR |
ERHA |
|
|
Equine Rhinitis Virus B PCR |
ERHB |
|
|
Streptococcus equi Culture |
SEQUCUL |
|
|
Influenza Virus Matrix PCR |
IVMPCR |
|
|
Streptococcus equi PCR
|
SEQUPCR |
|
|
Equine Herpesvirus PCR
|
EHVPNL |
- EDTA whole blood in lavender top tube. - Nasal swab or deep pharyngeal swab or trans-tracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage or lung tissue. |
|
Equine Parvovirus PCR
|
EQPVPCR |
- Serum, liver, EDTA whole blood. |
|
Fecal Floatation
|
FLOAT |
- Fresh feces from animals 3 days or older. |
|
Hemogram, Large Animal
|
LA CBC |
- EDTA whole blood in lavender top tube. |
|
Equine Chemistry
|
LA P |
- Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube). - Serum (separated). |
|
Leptospira MAT, 5 standard serovars
|
LEPTO |
- Serum. |
|
West Nile Virus (WNV) IgG/IgM Capture ELISA Combination
|
WNELPL |
|
|
Serum Amyloid A
|
SAA VET |
|
|
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Virus c-ELISA
|
EIAEL |
|
|
Potomac Horse Fever PCR
|
EHRR |
- EDTA whole blood in lavender top tube. |
|
Tracheal Wash Cytology
|
TWE |
- Tracheal wash fluid in EDTA - Smears (at least 2-3 unstained smears preferred) - Submit a red-top tube if culture is anticipated. |
|
Urinalysis, Routine
|
UA |
- Urine in sterile container.
|
|
Urine Culture
|
URCUL |
|
|
Leptospira Real-time PCR
|
LEPTPCR |
|
|
West Nile Virus (WNV) PCR
|
WNVPCR |
- CSF. - Brain or spinal cord (PM). |
- This diagnostic plan is designed to detect a broad spectrum of systemic bacterial, viral, and some blood parasite causes of acute fever, as well as certain inflammatory changes which may assist in detecting the underlying problems.
- Viral causes of illness are best detected during the first week of illness.
14. Adult equine Fever of Unknown Origin
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Anaplasma PCR
|
EHRE |
- EDTA whole blood |
|
Potomac Horse Fever PCR
|
EHRR |
|
|
Equine Herpesvirus 1 PCR
|
EHV1PCR |
|
|
Equine Herpesvirus 4 PCR
|
EHV4PCR |
|
|
Coronavirus PCR
|
BCOR |
- Fresh feces, colon or colon contents in leak-proof container. |
|
Equine Respiratory PCR
|
ERPNL |
- Nasal swab or nasopharyngeal swab or oropharyngeal swab or tracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage or lung tissue (PM) |
15. Equine Foal Joint Ill Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Aerobic Bacterial Culture
|
AER |
- synovial fluid sample in transport media. - Synovial fluid in EDTA tube (red top tube). |
|
Anaerobic Bacterial Culture
|
ANAER |
- Synovial fluid in anaerobic transport media. - Synovial fluid in EDTA tube (red top tube). |
|
Blood Culture, Aerobic/Fungal
|
BLDAER |
- Inoculated aerobic/fungal on specific culture media.
|
|
Blood Culture, Anaerobic
|
BLDAN |
|
|
Hemogram
|
LA CBC |
- Two Air dried blood smears. - EDTA whole blood. |
|
Immunoglobulin G, Equine - TIA |
EQUINE IGG |
- Serum |
|
Equine Chemistry
|
LA P |
- Heparinized plasma - Serum |
|
Serum Amyloid A
|
SAA VET |
- Serum |
|
Synovial Fluid Cytology white blood cell count, total protein
|
JFE |
- Two air dried slides of synovial fluid. - Synovial fluid in EDTA tube. |
16. Equine Myopathy Plan
Horses with EPM (Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis) may present with asymmetrical muscle wasting or weakness.
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Creatine kinase
|
CK |
- 1ml Serum or heparinized plasma before exercise and after 15 min of walk/trot. |
|
Selenium, whole blood
|
SEL |
- EDTA whole blood. - Heparin whole blood. |
|
Vitamin E in serum
|
NDIK |
- 1ml Serum (separated from clot and protected from light). |
- Muscle biopsy recommendations vary depending on the type of equine myopathy suspected.
- Genetic testing is required.17. Equine Respiratory Adult Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Aerobic Bacterial Culture
|
AER |
- Trans-tracheal washes fluid. - Swab of TTW in bacterial transport media. - Swab of lung or biopsy of lung tissue aseptically collected and placed in aerobic transport media. |
|
Anaerobic Bacterial Culture
|
ANAER |
- Swab of transtracheal wash (TTW) (preferred sample). - Swab of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in anaerobic transport media. |
|
Fungal Culture |
FUNGCM |
|
|
Equine Herpesvirus PCR |
EHVPNL |
- EDTA blood (min. 2ml) Nasal or nasopharyngeal swab in red top tube with 0.5ml sterile saline. |
|
Equine Respiratory PCR Consists of multiple PCR assays: Equine Herpesviruses 1 and 4, Equine Adenoviruses 1 and 2, Equine Rhinitis viruses A and B, Influenza A virus (matrix), Equine arteritis virus and Streptococcus equi |
ERPNL |
- Nasal swab or deep pharyngeal swab (in sterile, sealed vials with several drops of saline added). - Transtracheal wash or Bronchoalveolar lavage or lung tissue (in sterile leak-proof containers). |
|
Selenium, whole blood
|
SEL |
- EDTA whole blood. - Heparin whole blood. |
|
Streptococcus equi Culture
|
SEQUCUL |
- Nasal swab or deep pharyngeal swab (in sterile, sealed vials with several drops of saline added) - Transtracheal wash or Bronchoalveolar lavage |
|
Tracheal Wash Cytology
|
TWE |
- Tracheal wash fluid in EDTA. - Smears (at least 2-3 unstained smears preferred). - Also submit a red-top tube if culture is anticipated. |
- To maximize sensitivity, it is recommended that both a streptococcus equi PCR (included in the PCR) and a streptococcus equi culture be run in parallel (requiring both a nasal swab in a red top tube with 0.5mL of sterile saline and a nasal swab in bacterial transport media).
18. Equine Respiratory, Foal Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
Aerobic Bacterial Culture Rhodococcus equi included |
AER |
- A swab inoculated with sample and placed in aerobic transport media (Amies without charcoal). - Transtracheal wash (TTW) (preferred). |
|
Anaerobic Bacterial Culture
|
ANAER |
- A swab inoculated with tracheal wash fluid and placed in anaerobic transport media. - Fresh lung (>2-3 cm in diameter, minimum size). - Swab of lung or piece of lung tissue aseptically collected and immediately placed in anaerobic transport media. |
|
Equine Respiratory PCR
|
ERPNL |
- Nasal or pharyngeal swabs in viral transport media or a red top tube with 0.5ml sterile saline - Transtracheal wash (TTW) (preferred) |
|
Fecal Floatation |
FLOAT |
- Fresh feces in leak-proof container. |
|
Fibrinogen (heat-precipitation) |
FIB-SCH |
- EDTA whole blood |
|
Fungal Culture
|
FUNGCM |
- Swab of transtracheal wash (TTW) (preferred sample) or swab of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in anaerobic transport media or Amies transport media. - Swab of lung or piece of lung tissue in anaerobic transport media or Amies transport media |
|
Hemogram, Equine |
LA CBC |
- (2) air dried blood smears. - EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube). |
|
Immunoglobulin G, Equine - TIA |
EQUINE IGG |
- Serum (separated). |
|
Rhodococcus equi virulence PCR |
REQUPCR |
- Transtracheal wash (TTW) (preferred). |
|
Tracheal Wash Cytology
|
TWE |
- Two air dried slides of fluid. - Transtracheal wash (TTW) (preferred). |
19 .Equine Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Plan
|
Tests Performed |
Test Code |
Samples Needed |
|
ACTH Baseline |
ACTHEQ |
- EDTA plasma frozen within 4 hours of obtaining sample.
|
|
ACTH Pre TRH Response |
ACTHPRETRH |
|
|
ACTH Post TRH 10 min |
ACTHPOSTTRH1 |
|
|
ACTH Post TRH 30 min |
ACTHPOSTTRH2 |
|
|
Insulin Baseline |
INSEQ |
|
|
Leptin |
LEPTIN |
|
|
Glucose
|
GLU |
- Serum (separated)
|
|
T4 (Thyroxine)
|
T4I |
|
|
Myoglobin |
|
- Urine sample (spectro) |
- References
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