Infertility in Cattle

D) Pathological affections of the cervix:

- Cervicitis:

- Inflammation of the cervix.

- It is commonly associated with endometritis, vaginitis, and Pneumo-vagina in cows.

- It follows:

-- Abnormal parturition and abortion,

-- The unhygienic birth help,

-- Polluted vagino-scope or inseminating pipette,

-- Trauma of   the cervix by introduction of a catheter,

-- Purulent vaginitis or endometritis.

-- Prolapse of the cervical ring (cervical ectropion) in old cows.

- The animal is a repeat breeder.

- Vaginal examination reveals  

-- The cervix is edematous and swollen,

-- The cervical mucosa is red to dark purple.

-- Mucopurulent exudates may be seen.

-- In severe cervicitis, endometritis occurs.