Ischemic Stroke

1. Barnett, H. J., Taylor, D. W., Eliasziw, M., Fox, A. J., Ferguson, G. G., Haynes, R. B., et al. (1998). Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators New England Journal of Medicine, 339(20), 1415-1425.

2. Campbell, B. C. V., Ma, H., Ringleb, P. A., Parsons, M. W., Churilov, L., Bendszus, M., et al. (2019). Extending thrombolysis to 4·5-9 h and wake-up stroke using perfusion imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Lancet, 394(10193), 139-147.

3. Emberson, J., Lees, K. R., Lyden, P., Blackwell, L., Albers, G., Bluhmki, E., et al. (2014). Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials Lancet, 384(9958), 1929-1935.

4. Giles, M. F., & Rothwell, P. M. (2007). Risk of stroke early after transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet Neurol, 6(12), 1063-1072.

5.  Johnston, S. C., Amarenco, P., Denison, H., Evans, S. R., Himmelmann, A., James, S., et al. (2020). Ticagrelor and Aspirin or Aspirin Alone in Acute Ischemic Stroke or TIA New England Journal of Medicine, 383(3), 207-217.

6.  Johnston, S. C., Easton, J. D., Farrant, M., Barsan, W., Conwit, R. A., Elm, J. J., et al. (2018). Clopidogrel and Aspirin in Acute Ischemic Stroke and High-Risk TIA New England Journal of Medicine, 379(3), 215-225.

7.  Lavallee, P. C., Meseguer, E., Abboud, H., Cabrejo, L., Olivot, J. M., Simon, O., et al. (2007). A transient ischemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects Lancet Neurology, 6(11), 953-960.

8.  Menon, B. K., Buck, B. H., Singh, N., Deschaintre, Y., Almekhlafi, M. A., Coutts, S. B., et al. (2022). Intravenous tenecteplase compared with alteplase for acute ischemic stroke in Canada (AcT): a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, registry-linked, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial The Lancet, 400(10347), 161-169.

9. NICE. (2010b). Clinical guideline [CG91] Depression in Adults with a Chronic Physical Health Problem: Treatment and Management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg91

10. NICE. (2022b). NICE Guideline [NG136] Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136

11. NICE. (2022d). NICE guideline [NG222] Depression in adults: treatment and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng222

12.  NICE. (2022e). NICE guideline [NG128] Stroke and transient ischemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128

13. NICE. (2023a). NICE guideline [NG209] Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng209

14. Progress Collaborative Group. (2001). Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack Lancet, 358(9287), 1033-1041.

15. Rothwell, P. M. (2007). Making the most of secondary prevention Stroke, 38(6), 1726.

16. Rothwell, P. M., Algra, A., Chen, Z., Diener, H. C., Norrving, B., & Mehta, Z. (2016). Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials Lancet, 388(10042), 365-375.

17.  Rothwell, P. M., Gutnikov, S. A., Warlow, C. P., & European Carotid Surgery Trialist's, C. (2003b). Reanalysis of the final results of the European Carotid Surgery Trial Stroke, 34(2), 514-523.

18. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. (2013). Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD000197.

19. Thomalla, G., Cheng, B., Gellissen, S., Golsari, A., Gerloff, C., Fiehler, J., et al. (2018). MRI-Guided thrombolysis for stroke with unknown time of onset New England Journal of Medicine, 379(7), 611-622.

20. Wang, Y., Meng, X., Wang, A., Xie, X., Pan, Y., Johnston, S. C., et al. (2021c). Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in CYP2C19 Loss-of-Function Carriers with Stroke or TIA New England Journal of Medicine.

21. Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, L., Wang, D., Wang, C., et al. (2013). Clopidogrel with Aspirin in Acute Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack New England Journal of Medicine, 369(1), 11-19.

22. Wardlaw, J. M., Murray, V., Berge, E., del Zoppo, G., Sandercock, P., Lindley, R. L., et al. (2012). Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet, 379(9834), 2364-2372.

23.  Wardlaw, J. M., Seymour, J., Cairns, J., Keir, S., Lewis, S., & Sandercock, P. (2004). Immediate computed tomography scanning of acute stroke is cost-effective and improves quality of life Stroke, 35(11), 2477-2483.

24.  Yang, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Zhou, Y., Xu, Y., et al. (2020). Endovascular thrombectomy with or without intravenous alteplase in acute stroke New England Journal of Medicine, 382(21), 1981-1993.

25.  LeCouffe, N. E., Kappelhof, M., Treurniet, K. M., Rinkel, L. A., Bruggeman, A. E., Berkhemer, O. A., et al. (2021). A Randomized Trial of Intravenous Alteplase before Endovascular Treatment for Stroke N Engl J Med, 385(20), 1833-1844.

26. Suzuki, K., Aoki, J., Nishiyama, Y., Kimura, K., Matsumaru, Y., Hayakawa, M., et al. (2021). Effect of Mechanical Thrombectomy without vs with Intravenous Thrombolysis on Functional Outcome among Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: The SKIP Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 325(3), 244-253.

27.  Zi, W., Qiu, Z., Li, F., Sang, H., Wu, D., Luo, W., et al. (2021). Effect of Endovascular Treatment Alone vs Intravenous Alteplase Plus Endovascular Treatment on Functional Independence in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: The DEVT Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA, 325(3), 234-243.

28.  Fischer, U., Kaesmacher, J., Strbian, D., Eker, O., Cognard, C., Plattner, P. S., et al. (2022). Thrombectomy alone versus intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in patients with stroke: an open-label, blinded-outcome, randomised non-inferiority trial Lancet, 400(10346), 104-115.

29.  Mitchell, P. J., Yan, B., Churilov, L., Dowling, R. J., Bush, S., Nguyen, T., et al. (2022). DIRECT-SAFE: A Randomized Controlled Trial of DIRECT Endovascular Clot Retrieval versus Standard Bridging Therapy J Stroke, 24(1), 57-64.

30.  Turc, G., Tsivgoulis, G., Audebert, H. J., Boogaarts, H., Bhogal, P., De Marchis, G. M., et al. (2022b). European Stroke Organisation (ESO)-European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) expedited recommendation on indication for intravenous thrombolysis before mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke and anterior circulation large vessel occlusion J Neurointerv Surg, 14(3), 209.

31. Goyal, M., Menon, B. K., van Zwam, W. H., Dippel, D. W., Mitchell, P. J., Demchuk, A. M., et al. (2016). Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials Lancet, 387, 1723-1731.

32. Sarraj, A., Hassan, A. E., Abraham, M. G., Ortega-Gutierrez, S., Kasner, S. E., Hussain, M. S., et al. (2023). Trial of Endovascular Thrombectomy for Large Ischemic Strokes New England Journal of Medicine.

33. Huo, X., Ma, G., Tong, X., Zhang, X., Pan, Y., Nguyen, T. N., et al. (2023). Trial of Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke with Large Infarct New England Journal of Medicine, Epub ahead of print.

34.  Liu, X., Dai, Q., Ye, R., Zi, W., Liu, Y., Wang, H., et al. (2020). Endovascular treatment versus standard medical treatment for vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (BEST): an open-label, randomised controlled trial Lancet Neurol, 19(2), 115-122.

35. Langezaal, L. C. M., Van Der Hoeven, E. J. R. J., Mont'Alverne, F. J. A., De Carvalho, J. J. F., Lima, F. O., Dippel, D. W. J., et al. (2021). Endovascular therapy for stroke due to basilar-artery occlusion New England Journal of Medicine, 384(20), 1910-1920.

36. Tao, C., Nogueira, R. G., Zhu, Y., Sun, J., Han, H., Yuan, G., et al. (2022). Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Basilar-Artery Occlusion New England Journal of Medicine, 387(15), 1361-1372.

37. Jovin, T. G., Li, C., Wu, L., Wu, C., Chen, J., Jiang, C., et al. (2022a). Trial of Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke Due to Basilar-Artery Occlusion New England Journal of Medicine, 387(15), 1373-1384.

38. Sandercock, A. G., Counsell, C., & Kane Edward, J. (2015). Anticoagulants for acute ischemic stroke Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(3), CD000024.

39. Rothwell, P. M., Eliasziw, M., Gutnikov, S. A., Warlow, C. P., Barnett, H. J., & Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists, C. (2004). Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery Lancet, 363(9413), 915-924.

40. Rothwell, P. M., Mehta, Z., Howard, S. C., Gutnikov, S. A., & Warlow, C. P. (2005). Treating individuals 3: from subgroups to individuals: general principles and the example of carotid endarterectomy Lancet, 365(9455), 256-265.

41. Rerkasem, K., & Rothwell, P. M. (2011). Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4), CD001081.

42. Rothwell, P. M., Eliasziw, M., Gutnikov, S. A., Fox, A. J., Taylor, D. W., Mayberg, M. R., et al. (2003a). Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis Lancet, 361(9352), 107-116.

43. Ettehad, D., Emdin, C. A., Kiran, A., Anderson, S. G., Callender, T., Emberson, J., et al. (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet, 387(10022), 957-967.

44. NICE. (2022a). NICE guideline [NG220]  Multiple sclerosis in adults: management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng220

45. Rothwell, P. M. (2007). Making the most of secondary prevention Stroke, 38(6), 1726.

46. NICE. (2016a). Interventional procedures guidance [IPG548] Mechanical clot retrieval for treating acute ischemic stroke. NICE.  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg548

47. NICE. (2016b). Quality Standard 2: Stroke in adults. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/QS2

48. NICE. (2021b). Technology appraisal guidance [TA733] Inclisiran for treating primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA733

49. NICE. (2021d). Technology appraisal guidance [TA694] Bempedoic acid with ezetimibe for treating primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA694

50. NICE. (2023a). NICE guideline [NG209] Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng209

51.  Amarenco, P., Kim, J. S., Labreuche, J., Charles, H., Abtan, J., Béjot, Y., et al. (2020). A Comparison of Two LDL Cholesterol Targets after Ischemic Stroke New England Journal of Medicine, 382(1), 9-19.

52.  NHS England. (2022). National Service Model for an Integrated Community Stroke Service. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/stroke-integrated-community-service-february-2022.pdf

53. Lee, M., Cheng, C. Y., Wu, Y. L., Lee, J. D., Hsu, C. Y., & Ovbiagele, B. (2022). Association Between Intensity of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction With Statin-Based Therapies and Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials JAMA Neurol, 79(4), 349-358.

54. NICE. (2023b). Clinical guideline [CG103] Delirium: diagnosis, prevention and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG103

55. NICE. (2010a). Technology appraisal guidance [TA210] Clopidogrel and modified-release dipyridamole for the prevention of occlusive vascular events. NICE.  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA210

56. Al-Shahi Salman, R., Minks, D. P., Mitra, D., Rodrigues, M. A., Bhatnagar, P., du Plessis, J. C., et al. (2019). Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial The Lancet Neurology, 18(7), 643-652.

57.  Al-Shahi Salman, R., Dennis, M. S., Sandercock, P. A. G., Sudlow, C. L. M., Wardlaw, J. M., Whiteley, W. N., et al. (2021). Effects of Antiplatelet Therapy After Stroke Caused by Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Extended Follow-up of the RESTART Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Neurology, 78(10), 1179-1186.

58.  EAFT Study Group. (1993). Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group Lancet, 342(8882), 1255-1262.

59.  Paciaroni, M., Agnelli, G., Falocci, N., Caso, V., Becattini, C., Marcheselli, S., et al. (2015). Early Recurrence and Cerebral Bleeding in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation: Effect of Anticoagulation and Its Timing: The RAF Study Stroke, 46(8), 2175-2182.

60.  Gioia, L. C., Kate, M., Sivakumar, L., Hussain, D., Kalashyan, H., Buck, B., et al. (2016). Early Rivaroxaban Use After Cardioembolic Stroke May Not Result in Hemorrhagic Transformation: A Prospective Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Stroke, 47(7), 1917-1919.

61.  Klijn, C. J., Paciaroni, M., Berge, E., Korompoki, E., Kõrv, J., Lal, A., et al. (2019). Antithrombotic treatment for secondary prevention of stroke and other thromboembolic events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack and non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A European Stroke Organisation guideline Eur Stroke J, 4(3), 198-223.

62. Hindricks, G., Potpara, T., Dagres, N., Arbelo, E., Bax, J. J., Blomström-Lundqvist, C., et al. (2021). 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC European Heart Journal, 42(5), 373-498.

63.  Labovitz, A. J., Rose, D. Z., Fradley, M. G., Meriwether, J. N., Renati, S., Martin, R., et al. (2021). Early Apixaban Use Following Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Results of the AREST Trial Stroke, 52(4), 1164-1171.

64. Steffel, J., Collins, R., Antz, M., Cornu, P., Desteghe, L., Haeusler, K. G., et al. (2021). 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Europace, 23(10), 1612-1676.

65. De Marchis, G. M., Seiffge, D. J., Schaedelin, S., Wilson, D., Caso, V., Acciarresi, M., et al. (2022). Early versus late start of direct oral anticoagulants after acute ischemic stroke linked to atrial fibrillation: an observational study and individual patient data pooled analysis Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 93(2), 119.

66.  Eikelboom, J. W., Connolly, S. J., Brueckmann, M., Granger, C. B., Kappetein, A. P., Mack, M. J., et al. (2013). Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valves New England Journal of Medicine, 369(13), 1206-1214.

67.  Ruff, C. T., Giugliano, R. P., Braunwald, E., Hoffman, E. B., Deenadayalu, N., Ezekowitz, M. D., et al. (2014). Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials Lancet, 383(9921), 955-962.

68. Graham, D. J., Reichman, M. E., Wernecke, M., Zhang, R., Southworth, M. R., Levenson, M., et al. (2015). Cardiovascular, bleeding, and mortality risks in elderly Medicare patients treated with dabigatran or warfarin for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation Circulation, 131(2), 157-164.

69. Makam, R. C. P., Hoaglin, D. C., McManus, D. D., Wang, V., Gore, J. M., Spencer, F. A., et al. (2018). Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants approved for cardiovascular indications: Systematic review and meta-analysis PLoS One, 13(5), e0197583.

70.  Hirschl, M., & Kundi, M. (2019). Safety and efficacy of direct acting oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation - a network meta-analysis of real-world data Vasa, 48(2), 134-147.

71. Shen, N. N., Wu, Y., Wang, N., Kong, L. C., Zhang, C., Wang, J. L., et al. (2020). Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs. Vitamin-K Antagonists in the Elderly With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review Comparing Benefits and Harms Between Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials Front Cardiovasc Med, 7, 132.

72.  Steffel, J., Collins, R., Antz, M., Cornu, P., Desteghe, L., Haeusler, K. G., et al. (2021). 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Europace, 23(10), 1612-1676.

73. Xu, W., Lv, M., Wu, S., Jiang, S., Zeng, Z., Fang, Z., et al. (2021). Severe Bleeding Risk of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Vitamin K Antagonists for Stroke Prevention and Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis Cardiovasc Drugs Ther.

74. Connolly, S. J., Karthikeyan, G., Ntsekhe, M., Haileamlak, A., El Sayed, A., El Ghamrawy, A., et al. (2022). Rivaroxaban in Rheumatic Heart Disease-Associated Atrial Fibrillation N Engl J Med, 387(11), 978-988.

75.  Reddy, V. Y., Doshi, S. K., Sievert, H., Buchbinder, M., Neuzil, P., Huber, K., et al. (2013). Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure for stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: 2.3-Year Follow-up of the PROTECT AF (Watchman Left Atrial Appendage System for Embolic Protection in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) Trial Circulation, 127(6), 720-729.

76.  NICE. (2021a). NICE guideline [NG196] Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng196

77.  Benz, A. P., Johansson, I., Dewilde, W. J. M., Lopes, R. D., Mehran, R., Sartori, S., et al. (2022). Antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother, 8(7), 648-659.

78. Kishore, A., Vail, A., Majid, A., Dawson, J., Lees, K. R., Tyrrell, P. J., et al. (2014). Detection of atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis Stroke, 45(2), 520-526.

79. Homma, S., Sacco, R. L., Di Tullio, M. R., Sciacca, R. R., Mohr, J. P., & Investigators, P. F. O. i. C. S. S. (2002). Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study Circulation, 105(22), 2625-2631.

80. Furlan, A. J., Reisman, M., Massaro, J., Mauri, L., Adams, H., Albers, G. W., et al. (2012). Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale New England Journal of Medicine, 366(11), 991-999.

81. Meier, B., Kalesan, B., Mattle, H. P., Khattab, A. A., Hildick-Smith, D., Dudek, D., et al. (2013). Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism New England Journal of Medicine, 368(12), 1083-1091.

82. Søndergaard, L., Kasner, S. E., Rhodes, J. F., Andersen, G., Iversen, H. K., Nielsen-Kudsk, J. E., et al. (2017). Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Antiplatelet Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke New England Journal of Medicine, 377(11), 1033-1042.

83. Saver, J. L., Carroll, J. D., Thaler, D. E., Smalling, R. W., MacDonald, L. A., Marks, D. S., et al. (2017). Long-Term Outcomes of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Medical Therapy after Stroke New England Journal of Medicine, 377(11), 1022-1032.

84.  Mas, J.-L., Derumeaux, G., Guillon, B., Massardier, E., Hosseini, H., Mechtouff, L., et al. (2017). Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulation vs. Antiplatelets after Stroke New England Journal of Medicine, 377(11), 1011-1021.

85. Lee, P. H., Song, J. K., Kim, J. S., Heo, R., Lee, S., Kim, D. H., et al. (2018). Cryptogenic Stroke and High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale: The DEFENSE-PFO Trial J Am Coll Cardiol, 71(20), 2335-2342.

86.  Holmes, M., Rathbone, J., Littlewood, C., Rawdin, A., Stevenson, M., Stevens, J., et al. (2014). Routine echocardiography in the management of stroke and transient ischemic  attack: A systematic review and economic evaluation Health Technology Assessment, 18(16), 1-176.

87. Chimowitz, M. I., Lynn, M. J., Howlett-Smith, H., Stern, B. J., Hertzberg, V. S., Frankel, M. R., et al. (2005). Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis New England Journal of Medicine, 352(13), 1305-1316.

88. Chimowitz, M. I., Lynn, M. J., Derdeyn, C. P., Turan, T. N., Fiorella, D., Lane, B. F., et al. (2011). Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Therapy for Intracranial Arterial Stenosis New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 993-1003.

89. NICE. (2023a). NICE guideline [NG209] Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng209